Genre Analysis

Rough Draft of Genre Analysis on Subject of Antibiotic Resistance


 
     Antibiotic resistance is at the forefront of research investigation. What goes on in laboratories in this nation and across the globe sometimes gets missed in every day activity. The populace at large has resources that can clue them in to this ongoing medical crisis. The following discussion provides an analysis of popular and professional audience perspectives on this issue. How they portray their structure, style, content, and language is important to the purpose of the message they present.

     On the popular corner I found CNN's MRSA: Protect Your Kid from a Superbug," which focused on a 2 year old girl who experienced exposure to MRSA. (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)¹ In a New York Times web article, "Free Antibiotics May Contribute to Drug Resistance Officials Say," the CDC got involved by warning the pharmacies that offering free treatments of antibiotics may encourage stockpiling and eventual resistance in the community.² In Wikipedia a long profile under Antibacterials provided more scientific knowledge about the cause of resistance, how bacteria acquire it in their DNA structure, and an example of antibiotic misuse.³
      The professional treatment of antibiotic resistance in "Update in Antifungal Drug Resistance: Mechanisms of Aspergillus fumigatus,"⁴ and Single-nucleotide Polymorphism-based differentiation and drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Isolates or Directly from Sputum,"⁵ targets the laboratory research on the forefront of this issue. Both scientific journals provided introductory abstracts followed by a detailed workup of the testing done. The journals utilized data structured in filed comparison form, tables, and graphs of the specific microorganism involved in their study.

     In detailing each genre, typical patterns of information and audience specific language occurred. CNN's article raised awareness of the community at large of the presence of MRSA. By use of the 2 year old girls' picture, her parents' interview, and a statement from the CDC, CNN merged the emotional side of the problem, the data gathered by the parents about the microbe, and the authoritative side from the CDC. Her parents mistook what they thought was a pimple, when it was MRSA. One day it looked as if it was indeed a pimple, but the next day it was painful and reddened, with their daughter experiencing a high fever as well. Dr. Patrick Romano was quoted as stating,"The number of children hospitalized with MRSA infections, mostly acquired from within the community, has more than doubled since 2000."¹ CNN offered guidelines for patents about what they should know and recognize about MRSA infections. Those guidelines were directed from the ISDA (Infectious Diseases Society of America). The discourse lasted two and a half pages, and presented a comment area at the end of the web article.

     The New York Times article conveyed two problems. The CDC encouraged the pharmacies who were giving out free antibiotics to rethink their offers. They also suggested the companies would better serve the public by offering free vaccines. Even though the public still needed a prescription to fill the free drug item, the CDC was concerned presenting such a program during the cold and flu season may promote the problem of antibiotic resistance. Colds and flu are caused primarily by viruses and antibiotics and are of no use in that situation. People however still seek out a physician who will prescribe them one for treatment when none is indicated. This phenomenon was felt by Dr. Anne Gershon of the IDSA, when she stated, "Giving away antibiotics could lead to stockpiling of drugs."² Another usual problem seen is while patients are taking an antibiotic, they stop using it when they feel better, which in the long run can also promote the mutation of left over bacteria to more resistant forms. This short journal offered mostly an informative appeal.

     In Wikipedia's profile on Antibacterials, they provided under a subsection called Resistance and Misuse an in depth look at how bacteria hijack other DNA material.³ They utilized pictures of DNA elements and the structures bacteria use to incorporate other microbial material. One noted misuse of antibiotics was the livestock industry's use of drugs to increase the weight of their animals at market. I feel this is unethical. Europe was noted to have outlawed this practice. The Senate and House bills Wikipedia provided did not denote whether any laws were passed recently on this issue.

     It takes more time to read and interpret the two professional journals I found. Technologists in laboratory medicine, particularly those in microbiology and mycology (study of fungus) would find a plethora of data on drug resistance. They must have a background or knowledge of DNA sequencing and the current techniques for molecular diagnostic testing. The one journal on tuberculosis was quite thorough in its discussion of the disease, the TB bacteria which causes the problem, and the various technical applications utilized to test certain gene mutations related to resistance. The aim was to find a rapid screening procedure that could be used directly on a patients' sample.⁵ The turnaround time for results would provide the physician with a better insight on whether the patients' strain of bacteria is resistant to certain drug protocol for TB.

     The second journal on fungus described the overall battle to find new drugs to combat resistant fungi which primarily cause invasive aspergillosis (IA).⁴ This journal was a complete overview of current anti-fungals and their resistance patterns. The causative agent Aspergillus fumigatus was explored at each level with schematics of mutant gene sites, patterns of resistance, and other scientific nomenclature that would be too complex to discuss in this moment of time. The layout of the journal was excellent as it was subdivided into categories related to the fungus. If one were interested in a particular part of the journal's study then all that information was found in one area.

     Summarily both the popular and the professional genres obviously differ in their language, layout, and their overall motivation. Popular search and news engines like CNN and Wikipedia are informative in their rhetorical appeal. They must provide a broad stance in order for the public at large to comprehend their stories and articles. However in this case of antibiotic resistance, it doesn't eliminate the seriousness of the subject. The approach by way of language must be understood in simpler terms. They too can provide authoritative citations as the popular articles I mentioned above. On the professional side, the medical researchers involved in the battle to find new antibiotics utilize their scientific forums and journals to keep updated on their side of the issue. Although these researchers may not be on the minds of the public on a daily basis, they are nevertheless concerned with the same problem as the public. Both audiences must stay aware and alert to issues like MRSA and TB resistant microbes. Each audience therefore will find a venue, (whether CNN or the next issue of American Journal of Microbiology) to stay on top of the problem of antibiotic resistance.

Works Cited

1. Rice, S. CNN Medical Producer. MRSA: Protect Your Kid from a Superbug. 8 Sep 2011 Available from http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/01/health/child-mrsa-infections/index.html Downloaded 17 Oct 2011
   
2. Parker-Pope,T. Free Antibiotics May Contribute to Drug Resistance, Officials Say. New York Times. 2009 Mar 5 Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/health/policy/05drugs.html Downloaded 17 Oct 2011
   
3. Antibacterials: Resistance and Misuse. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, pages 1-16 Available at http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/Antibacterial Downloaded 15 Oct 2011
   
4. Chamilos, G., Kontoyiannis, D.P. Drug Resistance Updates 8 (2005) 344-358. Aspergillus
   fumigatus, An Update on anti-fungal drug resistance mechanisms, Elsevier Ltd. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com or www.elsevier.com/locate/drop Downloaded and on PDF from http://blackboard.uc.edu (Electronic Journal Center) 18 Oct 2011
   
5. Arnold, C., Westland, L., Mowat, G., Underwood, A., Magee, J., Gharbia, S." Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based differentiation and drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium
   tuberculosis from isolates or directly from sputum." Clinical Microbiology Infectious 2005: 11: 122-130. Journal allowed reprint from European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Downloaded and on PDF from http://blackboard.uc.edu (Electronic Journal Center) 18 Oct 2011
   

Professional Perception of the Antibiotic Resistance of Microorganisms

     The professional perception surrounding antibiotic resistance revolves around the crucial need to develop new antibacterial and anti-fungal treatments for resistant disease causing organisms. The popular audience may not conceive of this battle going on behind the scenes in research labs around the world. Therefore the point of view of this battle as described in the journals I read is a personal challenge, vested with teamwork of other people working in antibiotic research, who see it as their lifelong desire to make life better for those who suffer from infectious diseases.
     The two journals I selected from the Electronic Journal Center reflected a small picture of the research challenge of clinical laboratory personnel who are at the forefront of this issue. I preferred to read the whole article, not just the abstract, because it gave me a better feeling for the dedication,time, and money being spent deciphering effective treatments for an old nemesis- TB, (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The second journal dealt with a fungal disease process, IA (Invasive Aspergillosis), and trends in research of developing new drugs for the high mortality rate seen with its causative agent, Aspergillus fumigatus. (a. & b.)
     With  the tuberculosis problem, that journal provided information on a molecular diagnostic technique that tests for resistant changes in the DNA. It occurs mostly through mutation on gene sites, and the test keys in on those DNA mutated sequences. They acknowledged that old methods of culturing specimens from patients is time consuming, and doesn't provide the physician with a rapid enough result that would inform him/her that their patient may have a TB strain that is resistant. This molecular test is performed more rapidly, and can be designed to find MDR 's( Multiple Drug Resistant) patterns in not just TB but other subspecies of Mycobacterium and other infectious disease organisms as well. (b.) 
     In IA, the agent is a fungal organism. The journal examined the challenges in treatment of patients with resistant strains of this problem. My deciphering of this information was more difficult as it featured elements of lab medicine I am less familiar with at this time. I do understand their research indicated a multi-focal attack in finding more than one agent to act against this fungus. Some like Amphotericin B are highly toxic to liver and kidney organs. If the patient is already immuno-compromised, ( HIV, etc.), then the situation becomes more difficult. (a.)
     Summarily it appears that most professionals on the hot seat in investigating antibiotic (drug) resistant microorganisms realize they are in for the long haul. Microbes are minute living organisms and can rapidly adapt to almost any chemical bombardment thrown at them. They beg, borrow, and can steal DNA,(or RNA and protein sequences) from their surrounding environment to make themselves more resistant to pharmaceuticals that us more complex humans can throw at them. It reminds me of how the Martians were defeated in "War of the  Worlds."

Works Cited from Electronic Journal Center

a. Chamilos, G. , Kontoyiannis, D.P., Drug Resistance Updates 8 (2005) 344-358, Aspergillus fumigatus, An update on anti-fungal drug resistance mechanisms. Elsevier Ltd.(Available online at www.sciencedirect.com or www.elsevier.com/locate/drop
Downloaded and on PDF from http://blackboard.uc.edu  (Electronic Journal Center) 18 Oct 2011

b. Arnold, C., Westland,L., Mowat, G., Underwood, A., Magee, J., Gharbia, S. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based differentiation and drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from isolates or directly from sputum. Clinical Microbiology Infectious 2005; 11: 122-130. Journal allowed reprint from European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
Download on on PDF from http://blackboard.uc.edu (Electronic Journal Center) 18 Oct 2011

Popular Perceptions Regarding Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms

     Health care in our country and around the world has become a crucial issue of concern. One element that will stay in the foreground is antibiotic resistance of germs, or better termed bacteria. Pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria which once were treatable with a standard protocol of antibiotics now are showing up in labs and patients as resistant and ever-changing to new regimens of treatment. How does the public perceive of this issue, and how do informative organizations present this problem? I found three common organizations on the internet that dealt fairly well with the matter.

      In CNN's Health line, an article dealt with MRSA  treatment with a  2 year old child. On the New York Times Money & Policy page of all things presented a report of pharmacies handing out free prescription drugs at low cost to consumers. Thirdly on Wikipedia's subheading under Antibacterials, a very detail-oriented sub-captioned report offered readers multiple pages of information on bacterial resistance, with a scientific noted background on how bacteria develop resistance, and how to avoid being a patient in that situation. Wikipedia listed 93 separate notations on this whole workup. Their article sub paragraphs on use and misuse of antibiotics noted authors from Trends in Microbiology, ( a knowledgeable scientific journal).
   
     All three of the websites I found appeared to present an informed concern on the subject of drug resistance. Two, (CNN & NY Times) provided comment/feedback sections at the end of their articles. The latter also promoted the issue in a matter-of-fact structure. They were up front about cause and effect of misuse and prescribing of antibiotics. Wikipedia dealt with it further by mentioning the use of antibiotics in agriculture to provide livestock animals with more weight. I might add that I wasn't aware that cattle or cows would gain weight if given antibiotics. They directly related this to an increase seen in pathogenic colon (stomach) bacteria called Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Enterococcus, just to name a few. Wikipedia seemed very detail oriented, and used more professional scientific vocabulary than I imagined they would have in this scenario.

     Overall these three popular sites approached the subject of antibiotic resistance on a very broad scale. Their articles appeared to provide background and information that the general public would find useful and would lead them to other sites that generate more questions about this critical subject in medicine. Their use of vocabulary would not go over anyone's head who hadn't taken say a microbiology or even a biology course.However,  Wikipedia I found the most scientific laden with wording and structure. On a rhetorical scale it appeared that the information I viewed was objective and informative, but given the issue at hand, didn't become overwhelmingly technical. They treated the issue quite seriously in their formats.

Works Cited:

Antibacterials: Resistance and Misuse. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, pages 1-16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial  Downloaded  15 Oct 2011

Parker-Pope, T. Free Antibiotics May Contribute to Drug Resistance, Officials Say. 2009 Mar 5 Money and Policy Page, NY Times.
Available from:http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/health/policy/05drugs.html
Downloaded 17 Oct 2011

Rice, S. CNN Medical Producer. Empowered Patient- MRSA: Protect Your Kid from a Superbug,
8 Sept 201l.
Available from http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/01/health/child-mrsa-infections/index.html Downloaded 17 Oct 2011   
 

Hot Topic for Genre Analysis: Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance in the Clinical Laboratory: Effects on Lab Personnel, Society, and Pharmaceutical Companies

     The issue that will consume clinical staff in microbiology for some time to come is the international nightmare of developing new antibiotic treatments against bacteria that once responded well to standard regimens of drugs. MRSA ( Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is but one example of prevalent organisms in the natural and hospital setting that dominants this resistant problem. Infection control policies for contact, air, and droplet isolation of patients harboring this organism and others is standard protocol in modern medical facilities. Already resistant to forms of methicillin, strains are now appearing that are resistant to the well known treatment of vancomycin.
     This example of one microbe that constantly evolves or changes its DNA to survive the chemical onslaught of antibiotics mirrors just a small reflection of the scope of this crisis. The aim to develop new antibiotics to treat patients has reached a level that demands a worldwide response. President Obama along with Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt helped found TATFAR( TransAtlantic Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance) on November 4,2009. Coupled with other European countries and help from the CDC(Center of Disease Control and Prevention) programs are in place to help train doctors and their patients about proper prescribing, dosage, and use of antibiotics. Particular emphasis will be needed to monitor altered strains of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus. All these categories or genus of bacteria have presented themselves on the scene in hospital and clinical settings showing a variety of response in patients in resistant patterns.    
     I am aware that this appears to sound quite encompassing a subject, so the bottom line is that drug companies must pursue new molecular pathways to provide superior antibiotic treatments against an ever evolving scope of disease producing microorganisms. It must be a concerted effort, a teamwork of laboratory scientists and the private sector, coupled with governmental priority and support. This battle is time consuming, expensive, and will keep laboratories busy for quite some time. Labs must be on alert and work with their infection control officers and maintain protocol to be alert to any patterns or organisms they culture. Taken together on all levels, this issue concerns all of society, and gives greater emphasis to educate people on the use of antibiotics.

Source Cited:

Bartlett, J.G., M.D. Antibiotic Resistance: The Rapidly Evolving Field of Infectious Disease.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/735126_print  11 Oct 2011

Hot Topics in Clinical Laboratory Science

Hot Topics in Clinical Laboratory Science


 
Antibiotic Resistance: The Ongoing Battle to Combat the Crisis in Bacterial Drug Resistance

     Since the first use of penicillin, bacteria have waged a war of joining together, recombining their DNA structures and exhibiting more disease causing problems for patients and their physicians. Pharmaceutical companies became distraught in finding new pathways to develop new anti-microbial agents to combat former non-lethal strains of pathogenic organisms, who now struck up a new line of defense.

     Genetic manipulation occurring in nature and in hospital situations of overuse and indiscreet dosing of antibiotics led to this challenge. One finding proved that the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) from 1983 to 2010 only approved 1 new antibiotic therapy per year, where formerly 4 per year were destined for the market.¹ Couple this with the issue of companies find their rate of investment return on drug protocol research, development and marketing became zero. Better money was made in developing drugs for continuous consumption for cardiovascular problems, psychosis, diabetes and overall rheumatologic conditions.

     Meanwhile as the 21^st century has continued on, laboratories must deal with a growing patient load that brings in community acquired MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus), resistant Tuberculosis strains to prior treatments, and a growing group of resistant septic causing organisms which left patients with very little option for drug therapy treatment. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control), the WHO ( World Health Organization , and other international organizations and governments are tackling this issue head on. I would expand on this even further if this topic is chosen. 


Vaccinations: An Ounce of Prevention? Controversy over the DTP and MMR vaccines and Autism

     These issues revolve around parents' refusal to have their children immunized with the DTP vaccine, particularly against "Whooping Cough" (Pertussis). This led to urgent cares and emergency rooms seeing infants and small children with respiratory difficulties which presented the need to culture their nasal cavities for the causative agent Bordetella pertussis. My own laboratory in Riverside, California,(Southern California), has seen several positive cases of this respiratory organism seen in non-innoculated children. So insurgent was this situation that local school districts here have required vaccinations of "Tdap' now for 7^th-12^th graders prior to registration in schools. One article that spawned this situation came from Mark Geier and the Wakefield study, which when taken to court was proved to be ridden with ethics violations and false study data. The court concluded that there was no creditable link between the vaccine MMR( Measles, Mumps, and Rubella), and the occurrence of autism in vaccinated children.²


Automation in the Lab & Clinical Laboratory Scientist Shortage

     This problem brewed out of the shortage of trained, degree earned personnel in the laboratory. Now automation and robotic analyzers take care of more volume, quality control features, and maintenance issues than ever before. Quicker, more accurate, and more cost effective, more volume and variety of tests are routinely done in this decade than ever before. One example is ARUP laboratories who is working on a system that optically guarantees and verifies specimen labels and the quality of the specimen. As Charles Hawker of ARUP labs notes," So much automation may lead to as much as 80% of labs will be automated during the 2010s."³


 
Works Cited

1. Bartlett, John G., MD. Antibiotic Resistance, Top 10 Infectious Diseases 2010-2011 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/735126_print 11 Oct 2011
   
2. Pertussis Vaccine now required for School Entry @http://www.eastbaypediatrics.com/hot_topics.php 11 Oct 2011
   
3. Rollins, G. What Will the Coming Decade Bring? January 2010 Clinical Laboratory News: Lab Medicine Outlook Vol 36, Number 1 @ http://www.aacc.org/publications/cln/2010/January
   

Discipline Format Style for Clinical Laboratory Science

     For citation format of clinical laboratory journals and manuscript submissions included in the allied health professions, the (ICMJE) or International Committee of Medical Journal Editors provides rules which guide source credits in the Vancouver Style. This is a numbered style, where a number is allocated to a source in the order in which it is cited in the text. If it is used again, the same number is cited as well. Medical and scientific journals used slight variations when in the use of superscript of the site tags.

The website that will be of the greatest reference is:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html

CLS Manifesto

A Clinical Laboratory Scientist's Manifesto

"Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world"- Louis Pasteur-1822-1895

      Over 200 years ago, laboratory pioneers in medicine like Pasteur paved the clinical highway so that modern technologists can continue to provide the utmost care in laboratory testing in hospitals and research to provide doctors data for treatment of their patients. Early challenges for Pasteur and his colleagues amounted to convincing fellow scientists as to the cause of disease, linking physician observations with known patient conditions, and tireless dedication to spread their findings to other experimenters in medicine throughout the world. It is this challenge that inspired me to serve the laboratory field as a scientist.

      As a clinical laboratory scientist one is trained to draw blood for patients, analyze the sample drawn, and if necessary provide critical results to physicians. We serve a vast community of patients with even a greater variety of medical problems. Couple that situation with the state of medical care in this nation, (if not around the world as well), this makes the obstacles even a higher ladder to climb to provide modern laboratory services. Other issues such as national licensing, further education to maintain certification, and updating research in the lab field in order to keep abreast of all the knowledge being performed everywhere at every minute.

      This is the cost factor of the education involved, plus managing a whole roster of technicians in a laboratory can up the dollar sign into the millions just for a small acute care hospital. Doctors want their lab results faster, better, more specific, and the utmost to be accurate. This issue revolves around quality control procedures that are governed by timed inspections by no less than two national organizations. The bottom line is that this part of medical care performed in the laboratory is one of the most expensive percentages of the health care system. This type of demand on the medical system requires high standards of its workers.

                Critical ideals for this profession must be kept in mind each and every day of work: 


Accountability for the quality and validity of laboratory services performed.

Adherence to all safety guidelines and protocol established for laboratory personnel.

Individual competence in judgment, technique, and willingness to learn new procedures.

Strict patient confidentiality and promotion to adhere to HIPAA regulations.

Willingness to serve the community at large regardless of race, gender, cultural differences, and the medical condition of patients.

Promotion of the team effort with fellow employees in the laboratory. This fosters a cooperative and respectful learning atmosphere that generates throughout the workplace.


      Even though there are times when the personnel in the laboratory field is minute in number it is these qualities of unique ideals that best fosters the learning situation at work. I find this occurs quite often in my workplace when there is illness on staff, overtime is needed, or simply taking more time to explain to a patient the procedure you are about to perform that their doctor has ordered. It is this quality of service that starts from the moment you greet a patient, state your name, and why you are here talking to them. Most often they recognize a worker from the lab simply because they have been there before and know they will receive good patient service. It is this excellence of service that clinical laboratory scientists should seek to provide, with remembering that at some point they too may be the patient themselves.


 

 

 

 

Home- Defining the Discipline

Defining the Discipline (Clinical Laboratory Science)

Profession as a CLS

 
      The CLS profession requires an excellent background in mathematics, chemistry, and general biological sciences. A Bachelor of Science (BS) degree, with one year of practical lab experience or training also should be included in any medical technology program. Also the laboratory program should be accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS). The Distance-Learning program here at UC (University of Cincinnati) is just such a program. Upon graduation licensure takes place by setting for a national exam. Depending upon the license necessities of the student's state, the most likely exam can be taken at the national level through the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP-BOC). This organization also has membership availability which helps technologists in keeping updated in their profession. They publish a monthly magazine (Lab Medicine), and offer Continuing Education Work (called CEU's) to maintain certifications.

      The profession calls for performing tests that aid doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of their patients. Working in acute care hospitals in a 24/7 task involving three shifts of personnel. One must work well under pressure and pay attention to detail in the particular department of the lab one performs in at all times. Although I trained in all departments in the military, my special training was in performing bone marrow staining, and other special hematological diagnostic tests. Currently I work in the hematology branch in a California hospital where I assist the supervisor in doing morning lab work from all areas of the hospital. I also maintain analyzer protocol and cleaning procedures. Further into my daily tasks I participate in quality control and maintenance in other departments. I also work nights on Friday and Saturday every other weekend. My future plans is to graduate, still work in same lab, and hopefully be the new supervisor in my department when she retires.

      In a typical student lab program training is situated in hematology,(study of blood cells and their components), chemistry, medical microbiology, (concerning germs or microorganisms), parasitology, virology, and immunology, (study of our immune system). Other technologists might want to specialize in the blood bank department or, as it is better known as blood transfusion services. Here the tech matches blood unit types to patients who need transfusion, and make sure any unit of blood is of highest compatibility. Others may work in urinalysis, or other specialities such as molecular diagnostics and genetics. These attributes also work well for those wanting to work in industry, public health, and other reference, research, or forensic laboratories. Students become well acquainted working with blood, body tissues and fluids, (like urine or chest fluid), and cultures procured from just about any possible body site on a human. Also during training, it would be wise for students to evolve their skills on modern robotic and computerized analyzers. The complexity of skill needed to troubleshoot these machines and recognize problems is paramount as a technologist. A great deal of manual dexterity and patience is ultimately a goal in heading off incidents in the modern lab.
      Salaries can range from $45,700 for staff to $66,500 for supervisors and manager. If the lab performs a great deal of volume of tests per year, most likely salaries are in the higher ranges. Employment is expected to be higher in this lab profession from 2008-2018. An increase as much as 14%, with 50% of the workforce occurring in acute care hospitals is expected in the near future.

      Most of the websites I found I am already quite familiar with their information and protocol regarding the CLS profession. This is mostly due to my longevity in the field since 1981 in the military. Out here in California the premiere organization is Loma Linda University Medical Center. Right now CLS's are in marked shortage, depending upon the needs of the particular lab facility and its location. My goals will remain the same, as long as I can balance them with work and school during this time. I hope I have given more details about my chosen discipline, that helps people better grasp this profession, and the dedicated individuals behind the scenes who help doctors and nurses carry out their duties helping patients.


 

Works Cited

 

.com- http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+laboratory+scientist


 
.edu- http://www.llu.edu/allied-health/sahp/clinlab Loma Linda University Medical Center


 
.gov- http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos096.htm Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-2011


 
.org- http://www.ascp.org/MainMenu/AboutASCP/FactSheet ASCP & ASCP-BOC